ABSTRACT Introduction: Children population has low morbidity and mortality by COVID-19; however, children infected with SARS-CoV-2 are on the rise and may need to be characterized according to their various presentation variables. Objective: Examine the social, clinical characteristics, epidemiological conditions and clinical picture of children diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study, with a sample of 88 children under 12 years old. The database of the hospital´s epidemiology office authorized for the registration of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Chota province, Peru, was reviewed. Authorization was obtained from the institution's management to use the data exclusively for research purposes. The analysis period was from April 14, 2020 (zero case in the province) to January 28, 2021. Results: In the sample 51.1% were women, the average age was 5.6 years; 10.2% were hospitalized, 83% were put in isolation, and 98.9% had a satisfactory recovery. The main manifestations in children were: cough, 26.1%; fever, 23.9% and headache, 19.3%. Epidemiological conditions detected were: 1.4% traveled in the last two weeks; 47.7% had intradomyciliary contagion, and 67% were asymptomatic. No children were reported deceased, intubated, ventilated or with pneumonia. Conclusions: Children are just as susceptible to COVID-19 as other people; they have less severe clinical pictures that occur mainly with cough, fever, headache and general discomfort; they show a more favorable evolution and high prevalence of asymptomatic and intradomyciliary contagions.

RESUMEN Introducción: La población infantil presenta una escasa morbilidad y mortalidad por COVID-19; sin embargo, los niños infectados por el SARS-CoV-2 están en aumento y cabe la necesidad de caracterizarlos según sus diversas variables de presentación. Objetivo: Examinar las características sociales, clínicas, condiciones epidemiológicas y cuadro clínico de los niños diagnosticados con COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, con muestra de 88 niños menores de 12 años. Se revisó la base de datos de la oficina de epidemiología del hospital autorizado para el registro de casos confirmados de COVID-19 en la provincia de Chota, Perú. Se obtuvo la autorización de la dirección de la institución para utilizar la data exclusivamente con fines investigativos. El periodo de análisis: 14 de abril (caso cero en la provincia) de 2020-28 de enero de 2021. Resultados: En la muestra 51,1 % fueron mujeres, el promedio de edad 5,6 años; 10,2 % estuvo hospitalizado, 83 % fue puesto en aislamiento, y 98,9 % presentó una recuperación satisfactoria. Las manifestaciones fundamentales en los niños fueron: tos 26,1 %; fiebre 23,9 % y cefalea 19,3 %. Las condiciones epidemiológicas detectadas fueron: 1,4 % viajó en las últimas dos semanas; 47,7 % tuvo contagio intradomiciliario y 67 % asintomático. No se informaron niños fallecidos, intubados, ventilados o con neumonía. Conclusiones: Los niños son igual de susceptibles a la COVID-19 que otras personas; presentan cuadros clínicos menos graves que cursan principalmente con tos, fiebre, cefalea y malestar general; muestran una evolución más favorable y altas prevalencias de asintomáticos y contagios intradomiciliarios.

Resumen Objetivo: estimar el riesgo de prediabetes según los factores que presentan los participantes de un programa de ejercicio físico de la provincia de Chota, Perú. Metodología: estudio observacional, transversal y retrospectivo, desarrollado con 112 participantes pertenecientes a un programa de ejercicio físico. Se utilizó una guía de interpretación para analizar los factores de riesgo y la prediabetes en los participantes, la cual fue adaptada de una asociación norteamericana y dos instituciones de salud peruanas. Las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas fueron el odds ratio de prevalencia (ORP), la fracción etiológica poblacional (FEP) y el chi cuadrado de independencia. Resultados: el sedentarismo (ORP = 3,62), el exceso de triglicéridos (TGC) (ORP = 2,26) y el sobrepeso (ORP = 2,22) fueron los factores de riesgo identificados en los participantes. Según la FEP, si se interviene de manera adecuada y oportuna sobre estos factores, disminuiría la frecuencia de prediabetes en 8,57, 15,24 y 21,40 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: los factores de riesgo de prediabetes en los usuarios estudiados fueron el sedentarismo, el exceso de TGC y el sobrepeso, resaltando al sedentarismo como el de mayor implicancia. Estos factores de riesgo, que reportaron una relación estadísticamente significativa con la prediabetes, pueden ser controlados y modificados. Por lo tanto, las intervenciones preventivas y promocionales en el primer nivel de atención deben fortalecerse y efectuarse mediante un trabajo integral y sostenible, con la finalidad de disminuir las cifras de prediabetes y condiciones conexas.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the risk of prediabetes in the participants of a physical exercise program in the province of Chota, Peru. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study, developed with 112 participants in a physical exercise program. An interpretation guide was used to examine risk factors and prediabetes in the participants. This guide was adapted from a North American association and two Peruvian health institutions. The statistical tests used were the prevalence odds ratio (ORP), the population etiological fraction (PEF), and the chi square of independence. Results: A sedentary lifestyle (ORP = 3.62), the excess of triglycerides (TGC) (ORP = 2.26), and overweight (ORP = 2.22) were the main risk factors identified in participants. According to the FEP, if adequate and timely intervention is made over such factors, the frequency of prediabetes would decrease by 8.57, 15.24 and 21.40, respectively. Conclusions: Prediabetes risk factors in the studied population were a sedentary lifestyle, excess of TGC and overweight, highlighting sedentary lifestyle as that with the greatest effects on health. The identified risk factors, which reported a statistically significant relationship with prediabetes, can be controlled and modified. Therefore, promotional and preventive interventions at the first level of health care must be strengthened and carried out through comprehensive and sustainable work, in order to reduce the figures of prediabetes and its related conditions.

Resumo Objetivo: estimar o risco de pré-diabetes de acordo com os fatores apresentados pelos participantes de um programa de exercícios físicos na província de Chota, Peru. Metodologia: estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo, desenvolvido com 112 participantes pertencentes a um programa de exercícios físicos. Um guia de interpretação foi utilizado para analisar os fatores de risco e o pré-diabetes nos participantes, o guia foi adaptado de uma associação norteamericana e duas instituições de saúde peruanas. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram a razão de chances (odds ratio) de prevalência (ORP), a fração etiológica populacional (FEP) e o qui-quadrado de independência. Resultados: sedentarismo (ORP = 3,62), excesso de triglicerídeos (TGC) (ORP = 2,26) e sobrepeso (ORP = 2,22) foram os fatores de risco identificados nos participantes. De acordo com o FEP, se houver intervenção adequada e oportuna sobre esses fatores de risco a frequência de pré-diabetes diminuiria em 8,57 %, 15,24 % e 21,40 %, respectivamente. Conclusões: os fatores de risco para pré-diabetes nos usuários estudados foram sedentarismo, excesso de TGC e sobrepeso, destacando-se o sedentarismo como o de maior implicação. Esses fatores de risco que obtiveram relação estatisticamente significativa com o pré-diabetes podem ser controlados e modificados; portanto, as intervenções preventivas promocionais no primeiro nível de atenção devem ser fortalecidas e realizadas por meio de um trabalho abrangente e sustentável, a fim de reduzir o número de pré-diabetes e doenças relacionadas.

This article focuses on a topic, that is captured in a question that Richard Dawkins raised in 1993: 'What makes you think Theology is a subject?' My view is that this question is a symptom of how Theology is under attack from many quarters today - from the fearful believers who see it as a threat to their faith, to the secularists who see it as a threat to truth. Foremost among the opponents is Richard Dawkins. Outraged by a donation to Cambridge for the study of theology, he contrasts the usefulness of science with the uselessness of Theology. The question though, is: What is Theology? In this chapter, I draw a distinction between Confessional Theology and Critical Theology. By Confessional Theology I mean the affirmation of an exclusive point of reference by which all other claims to authority and knowledge are judged. Thus Christians 'confess Jesus Christ is Lord', and Confessional Theology is the rational articulation of the Christian Faith from within the circle of Faith - the convictions, experiences, and hopes grounded in the story of Jesus and characterized by commitment and involvement. However, there are ways in which both scientists and theologians, and the two types of Theology, can go wrong.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Treponema pallidum, Trypanosoma cruzi and Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in five Amerindian populations of Argentina. A retrospective study was conducted among 857 Amerindian populations (112 Kollas, 298 Mbyá-guaraníes, 79 Sagua Huarpes, 368 Wichis) from 2007 to 2010. Screening and confirmation of T. pallidum, T. cruzi and HIV-1 were performed. T. pallidum and T. cruzi infections were detected in all communities with an overall prevalence rate of 4.2% and 16.8%, respectively. Although HIV was not detected, syphilis and Chagas' disease represent a challenge for the health care system and the reinforcement of public health strategies is necessary considering the socioeconomic isolation of these populations.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la prevalencia de Treponema pallidum, Trypanosoma cruzi y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV-1) en 5 comunidades originarias de Argentina. Para ello, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en 857 individuos (112 kollas, 298 mbyá-guaraníes, 79 sagua huarpes, 368 wichis) desde el 2007 hasta el 2010. Se realizó el diagnóstico completo para T. pallidum, T. cruzi y HIV-1. En todas las comunidades se confirmaron infecciones por T. pallidum y T. cruzi con una prevalencia total del 4,2 y del 16,8%, respectivamente. Aunque no se detectó HIV-1, sífilis y Chagas, representan un desafío para el sistema de salud, teniendo que reforzarse las estrategias de salud pública teniendo en cuenta el aislamiento socio-económico que sufren estas poblaciones.

RESUMO Mutilídeos são parasitóides de formas imaturas de outros insetos, especialmente Hymenoptera aculeados. Eles são caracterizados pelo seu acentuado dimorfismo sexual: todas as fêmeas são ápteras, enquanto a maioria dos machos é alada. A família compreende cerca de 4.200 espécies e sua maior diversidade é encontrada nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo. Apesar do tamanho da família na Região Neotropical (cerca de 1.500 espécies, sendo 560 no Brasil), levantamentos da fauna de Mutillidae são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma lista atualizada das espécies de Mutillidae presentes no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, incluindo registros retirados da literatura, de coleções científicas e de coletas realizadas recentemente no estado. Um total de 114 espécies (incluindo 22 morfoespécies), distribuídas em 23 gêneros, três tribos e duas subfamílias foram registradas. Os gêneros com o maior riqueza foram Traumatomutilla André, 1901 (36 espécies), Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (14 spp.), Ephuta Say, 1836 (11 spp.) e Hoplomutilla Ashmead, 1899 (10 spp.).

ABSTRACT Mutillid wasps are parasitoids of mature larvae or pre-pupae of other insects, especially other aculeate Hymenoptera. They are characterized by a strong sexual dimorphism: all females are wingless, while males of most species have wings. The family comprises about 4,200 species and their greatest diversity occurs in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Despite the size of the family in the Neotropical Region (about 1,500 species, 560 in Brazil), surveys of the Mutillidae fauna are scarce. The purpose of this work is to present an updated list of Mutillidae species recorded for the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, based on literature, museum records and new data. A total of 114 species (including 22 morphospecies) distributed in 23 genera, three tribes and two subfamilies were recorded. The richest genera were Traumatomutilla André, 1901 (36 species), Timulla Ashmead, 1899 (14 spp.), Ephuta Say, 1836 (11 spp.) and Hoplomutilla Ashmead, 1899 (10 spp.).

Objectives. To develop and validate an instrument to assess Internet Addiction (IA) phenomenon in adolescents of Metropolitan Lima. Materials and methods. We performed an observational analytical study, including a sample of 248 high school adolescent students. In order to evaluate the IA, we constructed the questionnaire: "Scale for Internet Addiction of Lima" (SIAL), which assesses symptoms and dysfunctional characteristics. The resulting items were submitted to experts’ judgment, finally obtaining a 11-item scale. Results. The mean age was 14 years old. The psychometric analysis of the instrument showed a Cronbach’ Alpha Coefficient of 0.84, with values of item-total correlation ranging from 0.45 to 0.59. The dimensional analysis yielded a two-dimensional structure that explained up to 50.7% of the total variance. The bi-dimensional data analysis revealed a significant association (p<0,001) between Dimension I (symptoms of IA) and the weekly time spent on the Internet, male sex, past history of bad behavior in school and plans for the future. Dimension II (dysfunction due to IA) had a significant association to past history of bad behavior, plans for the future (p<0,001) and missing school without valid reasons. Conclusions. The SIAL showed a good internal consistency, with moderate and significant inter-item correlations. The findings show that addiction has a dynamic role, which evidences a problem generated in family patterns and inadequate social networks.

Objetivos. Desarrollar y validar un instrumento que permita evaluar el fenómeno de la adicción a Internet (AI) en adolescentes de Lima Metropolitana. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico, donde incluimos una muestra de 248 adolescentes escolares del primer al quinto año de secundaria. Para evaluar la AI construimos el cuestionario ‘Escala de la Adicción a Internet de Lima’ (EAIL), la cual evalúa características sintomatológicas y disfuncionales. Los ítems resultantes fueron sometidos a un juicio de expertos, determinándose finalmente una escala de once ítems. Resultados. La edad media fue de 14 años. El análisis psicométrico del instrumento presentó un coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach de 0,84, con valores de correlación ítem-total de 0,45 hasta 0,59. El análisis dimensional mostró una estructura de dos dimensiones que explicaba el 50,7 % de la varianza total. El análisis bidimensional mostró asociación significativa (p<0,001) entre la Dimensión I (Sintomatología de AI) y el tiempo de uso semanal, sexo masculino, antecedente de problemas de indisciplina y plan de futuro. La Dimensión II (Disfuncionalidad por AI) se asoció significativamente (p<0,001) al antecedente de problemas de indisciplina, plan de futuro y faltar sin motivo justificable a la escuela. Conclusiones. La EAIL presentó una buena consistencia interna, con correlaciones moderadas y significativas entre sus ítems. Los hallazgos evidencian que la adicción cumple un papel dinámico que pone en manifiesto una alteración que involucra en su génesis patrones de familia y entornos sociales inadecuados.

Objectives. To develop and validate an instrument to assess Internet Addiction (IA) phenomenon in adolescents of Metropolitan Lima. Materials and methods. We performed an observational analytical study, including a sample of 248 high school adolescent students. In order to evaluate the IA, we constructed the questionnaire: "Scale for Internet Addiction of Lima" (SIAL), which assesses symptoms and dysfunctional characteristics. The resulting items were submitted to experts’ judgment, finally obtaining a 11-item scale. Results. The mean age was 14 years old. The psychometric analysis of the instrument showed a Cronbach’ Alpha Coefficient of 0.84, with values of item-total correlation ranging from 0.45 to 0.59. The dimensional analysis yielded a two-dimensional structure that explained up to 50.7% of the total variance. The bi-dimensional data analysis revealed a significant association (p<0,001) between Dimension I (symptoms of IA) and the weekly time spent on the Internet, male sex, past history of bad behavior in school and plans for the future. Dimension II (dysfunction due to IA) had a significant association to past history of bad behavior, plans for the future (p<0,001) and missing school without valid reasons. Conclusions. The SIAL showed a good internal consistency, with moderate and significant inter-item correlations. The findings show that addiction has a dynamic role, which evidences a problem generated in family patterns and inadequate social networks.

Objetivos. Desarrollar y validar un instrumento que permita evaluar el fenómeno de la adicción a Internet (AI) en adolescentes de Lima Metropolitana. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico, donde incluimos una muestra de 248 adolescentes escolares del primer al quinto año de secundaria. Para evaluar la AI construimos el cuestionario ‘Escala de la Adicción a Internet de Lima’ (EAIL), la cual evalúa características sintomatológicas y disfuncionales. Los ítems resultantes fueron sometidos a un juicio de expertos, determinándose finalmente una escala de once ítems. Resultados. La edad media fue de 14 años. El análisis psicométrico del instrumento presentó un coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach de 0,84, con valores de correlación ítem-total de 0,45 hasta 0,59. El análisis dimensional mostró una estructura de dos dimensiones que explicaba el 50,7 % de la varianza total. El análisis bidimensional mostró asociación significativa (p<0,001) entre la Dimensión I (Sintomatología de AI) y el tiempo de uso semanal, sexo masculino, antecedente de problemas de indisciplina y plan de futuro. La Dimensión II (Disfuncionalidad por AI) se asoció significativamente (p<0,001) al antecedente de problemas de indisciplina, plan de futuro y faltar sin motivo justificable a la escuela. Conclusiones. La EAIL presentó una buena consistencia interna, con correlaciones moderadas y significativas entre sus ítems. Los hallazgos evidencian que la adicción cumple un papel dinámico que pone en manifiesto una alteración que involucra en su génesis patrones de familia y entornos sociales inadecuados.

É provável que a mudança climática afete a natureza, destino e transporte de elementos patogênicos/químicos no ambiente . Avaliamos as implicações das mudanças climáticas em mudanças na exposição humana a elementos patogênicos/químicos nos sistemas agrícolas no Reino Unido e discutimos os efeitos sobre os impactos à saúde, usando a contribuição de especialistas e literatura; efeitos à saúde da exposição a elementos patogênicos/químicos provenientes da agricultura; introdução de elementos químicos/patogênicos e caminhos de exposição humana a elementos patogênicos/químicos nos sistemas agrícolas. Definimos a base de evidência para efeitos de saúde de elementos químicos/patogênicos no ambiente agrícola; determinamos as possíveis implicações da mudança climática na introdução de elementos químicos/patogênicos nos sistemas agrícolas; e exploramos os efeitos da mudança climática no transporte ambiental e destino de diversos contaminantes. Consolidamos dados para avaliar as implicações das mudanças climáticas em relação à exposição humana indireta a elementos patogênicos/químicos nos sistemas agrícolas e recomendamos futuras pesquisas e mudanças políticas para administrar aumentos adversos nos riscos.

Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens/ chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. We assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems in the UK and discuss the effects on health impacts, using expert input and literature on climate change; health effects from exposure to pathogens/chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals/pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems. We established the evidence base for health effects of chemicals/pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical/pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of various contaminants. We merged data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems, and defined recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage adverse increases in risks.

É provável que a mudança climática afete a natureza, destino e transporte de elementos patogênicos/químicos no ambiente . Avaliamos as implicações das mudanças climáticas em mudanças na exposição humana a elementos patogênicos/químicos nos sistemas agrícolas no Reino Unido e discutimos os efeitos sobre os impactos à saúde, usando a contribuição de especialistas e literatura; efeitos à saúde da exposição a elementos patogênicos/químicos provenientes da agricultura; introdução de elementos químicos/patogênicos e caminhos de exposição humana a elementos patogênicos/químicos nos sistemas agrícolas. Definimos a base de evidência para efeitos de saúde de elementos químicos/patogênicos no ambiente agrícola; determinamos as possíveis implicações da mudança climática na introdução de elementos químicos/patogênicos nos sistemas agrícolas; e exploramos os efeitos da mudança climática no transporte ambiental e destino de diversos contaminantes. Consolidamos dados para avaliar as implicações das mudanças climáticas em relação à exposição humana indireta a elementos patogênicos/químicos nos sistemas agrícolas e recomendamos futuras pesquisas e mudanças políticas para administrar aumentos adversos nos riscos.

Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens/ chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. We assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems in the UK and discuss the effects on health impacts, using expert input and literature on climate change; health effects from exposure to pathogens/chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals/pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems. We established the evidence base for health effects of chemicals/pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical/pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of various contaminants. We merged data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens/chemicals in agricultural systems, and defined recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage adverse increases in risks.

Human T-cell Lymphotropic viruses type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human oncoretrovirus to be discovered, is the etiologic agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 Associated Mielopathy or Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is endemic worldwide, including the North of Argentina where both associated diseases have also been detected. No etiologic role has been described for HTLV-2, although it has been associated with HAM/TSP-like neurologic syndromes. Both retroviruses are endemic in native populations of The Americas, Africa and at-risk populations. They are transmitted through sex contact, parenterally and from mother to child. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 in a blood donor population from Misiones province. A total of 6912 accepted blood donations in 2008 were analyzed. HTLV-1/2 screening was performed with ELISA and particle agglutination, and reactive samples were confirmed by Western Blot. From the total, 5 samples resulted seropositive with a final prevalence of 0.00072. Out of the 5 positive samples, one was an HTLV, three HTLV-1 and one HTLV-2. These blood donors were residents of Posadas, Eldorado and Oberá, with no risk antecedents. This study demonstrates the presence of HTLV-1/2 in a population of Misiones with a prevalence rate similar to those reported among blood donors from non-endemic areas.

El Virus Linfotrópico T Humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1), primer oncorretrovirus humano descubierto, es el causante etiológico de la leucemia de células T del adulto (ATL) y de la mielopatía asociada al HTLV-1 o paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP). Es endémico en distintas partes del mundo, inclusive en el noroeste argentino, donde ambas enfermedades fueron detectadas. El HTLV-2, no tiene un rol etiológico definido, si bien ha sido asociado con síndromes neurológicos similares a la HAM/TSP. Ambos virus son endémicos en comunidades originarias del continente americano, tribus de Africa y poblaciones en riesgo. Ambos retrovirus se transmiten por vía sexual, parenteral y de madre a hijo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia de HTLV-1/2 en una población de donantes de sangre de la provincia de Misiones. Se analizaron 6912 donaciones de sangre recibidas en el Banco de Sangre Central de la Provincia de Misiones durante 2008. La detección de anticuerpos se realizó por ELISA y aglutinación de partículas, y las muestras reactivas fueron confirmadas por Western Blot. Del total de muestras, 5 resultaron seropositivas con una prevalencia final de 0.00072. De ellas, una era HTLV, tres HTLV-1 y una HTLV-2 positiva. Los donantes positivos provenían de Posadas, Eldorado y Oberá, sin antecedentes de riesgo. Este estudio demuestra la presencia de HTLV-1/2 en donantes de sangre de Misiones, con cifras similares a las notificadas en donantes de sangre de zonas no endémicas.

Advanced HIV infection is frequently complicated by diarrhea, disruption of bowel structure and function, and malnutrition. Resulting malabsorption of or pharmacokinetic changes in antiretroviral agents might lead to subtherapeutic drug dosing and treatment failure in individual patients, and could require dose adjustment and/or dietary supplements during periods of diarrheal illness. We determined the plasma levels of antiretroviral medications in patients that had already been started on medication by their physicians in an urban infectious diseases hospital in northeast Brazil. We also obtained blood samples from patients hospitalized for diarrhea or AIDS-associated wasting, and we found reduced stavudine and didanosine levels in comparison with outpatients without diarrhea or wasting who had been treated at the same hospital clinic. There was a predominance of the protozoal pathogens Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli, typical opportunistic pathogens of AIDS-infected humans, in the stool samples of inpatients with diarrhea. We conclude that severe diarrhea and wasting in this population is associated with both protozoal pathogens and subtherapeutic levels of antiretroviral medications.